This article studies the complex and growing impacts of climate change on public health in Senegal, focusing on direct and indirect effects such as the increase in respiratory, waterborne and nutritional diseases. Based on a multidisciplinary methodology combining a systematic literature review and qualitative interviews with health professionals, the study demonstrates the aggravation of health vulnerabilities in urban and peri-urban areas—particularly in Dakar—due to extreme climatic events and poor urban planning. It also identifies promising adaptive responses such as urban greening, sustainable mobility initiatives and improved waste management systems. However, institutional, financial and socio-political constraints limit the scalability and sustainability of these solutions. The article calls for integrated urban planning and multi-sectoral governance, supported by community participation and innovative financing mechanisms, to build resilient and health-inclusive cities in Senegal.