Forest ecosystem management by elephant habitat preservation helps in maintaining biodiversity ecosystem services by using Assisted migration by providing man-made water resources that helps the species to stay in the habitat without migrating. Elephants require about 68.4–98.8 L (18 to 26 gal.) of water every day. During summer season, the natural water resources start to dry and gradually decrease in level, as a result the elephants start to find alternate water sources. Most of the farmers in the forest border areas use borewell to fill surface water tanks to feed their catties and watering their agriculture lands. This water sources attract the elephants and leads to HEC. To overcome such situations, artificial water resources are needed in the elephant habitat regions to avoid smaller tenure migration of elephants during search of water and also provides a better ecosystem to improve the population growth rate of the wild elephants. There are 370 big and small waterholes which are almost (< 100 sq. ft.) in Bandipur in Karnataka state that are built for elephants. At Bandipur, majority of waterholes dry up by February and March leading to severe water stress situation for elephants. These waterholes are refilled manually using tanker lorry and solar-powered borewells. Forest department is making efforts in maintaining the required water level in these ponds by regular inspections and maintenance that are carried out to ensure the functionality of waterholes and borewells. This work aims sustain water availability for elephants, preventing their migration to human settlements and reducing the likelihood of HEC by providing a 5G-based IoT system to monitor the water levels in the manmade artificial water resources that are interior inside forest and very difficult to monitor manually. The deployment of the proposed system ensures monitoring the availability of water at certain level through periodic updates and if water levels are consistently low proactive steps are taken via alerts to notify on the schedule to refill the water. This methodology is a real-time monitoring system which measures the water level through sensors and updates the data by IoT-based GUI-based cloud server with visualization of information about the current water level at each pond. The outcome of the work provides the trends in water level fluctuations between seasonal rainfall and the drought impact indicating how often and how much water is being consumed by the elephants. Identifying frequently visited elephants at the ponds, which can help map their movement and habitat preferences and migration pattern. The major benefit is to prevent elephants from venturing into human settlements in search of water to avoid HEC and analyses data, generating insights and predictions for easy understanding by forest officials and researchers. Early warnings can trigger preventive measures, such as supplying water or improving alternate sources for better water management strategies for elephant conservation. Insights can also help in creating artificial ponds in strategic locations.

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IoT System for Real-Time Monitoring and Management of Artificial Water Resources in Elephant Habitats to Mitigate Human–Elephant Conflict

  • S. J. Sugumar,
  • V. Ramesh Babu,
  • Sivabalan,
  • J. Kalyan Srinivas,
  • A. Kishore,
  • G. Mohan Raj,
  • Hemanth Gouda S. Patil

摘要

Forest ecosystem management by elephant habitat preservation helps in maintaining biodiversity ecosystem services by using Assisted migration by providing man-made water resources that helps the species to stay in the habitat without migrating. Elephants require about 68.4–98.8 L (18 to 26 gal.) of water every day. During summer season, the natural water resources start to dry and gradually decrease in level, as a result the elephants start to find alternate water sources. Most of the farmers in the forest border areas use borewell to fill surface water tanks to feed their catties and watering their agriculture lands. This water sources attract the elephants and leads to HEC. To overcome such situations, artificial water resources are needed in the elephant habitat regions to avoid smaller tenure migration of elephants during search of water and also provides a better ecosystem to improve the population growth rate of the wild elephants. There are 370 big and small waterholes which are almost (< 100 sq. ft.) in Bandipur in Karnataka state that are built for elephants. At Bandipur, majority of waterholes dry up by February and March leading to severe water stress situation for elephants. These waterholes are refilled manually using tanker lorry and solar-powered borewells. Forest department is making efforts in maintaining the required water level in these ponds by regular inspections and maintenance that are carried out to ensure the functionality of waterholes and borewells. This work aims sustain water availability for elephants, preventing their migration to human settlements and reducing the likelihood of HEC by providing a 5G-based IoT system to monitor the water levels in the manmade artificial water resources that are interior inside forest and very difficult to monitor manually. The deployment of the proposed system ensures monitoring the availability of water at certain level through periodic updates and if water levels are consistently low proactive steps are taken via alerts to notify on the schedule to refill the water. This methodology is a real-time monitoring system which measures the water level through sensors and updates the data by IoT-based GUI-based cloud server with visualization of information about the current water level at each pond. The outcome of the work provides the trends in water level fluctuations between seasonal rainfall and the drought impact indicating how often and how much water is being consumed by the elephants. Identifying frequently visited elephants at the ponds, which can help map their movement and habitat preferences and migration pattern. The major benefit is to prevent elephants from venturing into human settlements in search of water to avoid HEC and analyses data, generating insights and predictions for easy understanding by forest officials and researchers. Early warnings can trigger preventive measures, such as supplying water or improving alternate sources for better water management strategies for elephant conservation. Insights can also help in creating artificial ponds in strategic locations.