This systematic review investigates how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming workplace safety protocols within the domain of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). Following established PRISMA guidelines, our team analyzed 60 peer-reviewed studies to evaluate AI’s contributions to workplace risk identification, injury prevention, and safety enhancement systems. The findings reveal that contemporary AI technologies—including machine learning applications, computer vision implementations, and wearable monitoring devices—have substantially improved numerous safety metrics and operational efficiency. Nonetheless, the integration of these technologies introduces several concerns, particularly regarding data confidentiality, algorithmic fairness, and the need for consistent regulatory oversight. Our analysis identifies several emerging technological trajectories including transparent AI decision-making systems and privacy-preserving learning architectures, alongside diverse regulatory approaches across global jurisdictions. This work highlights the considerable potential of AI to revolutionize workplace safety practices while emphasizing the importance of responsible development frameworks and ethical implementation guidelines. The insights presented are intended to guide researchers, industry practitioners, and policy developers in fostering AI applications that prioritize worker welfare across varied industrial environments.