In the era of Industry 4.0, developing problem-solving skills is a critical educational goal, particularly in learning factories where learners gain practical experience in modern manufacturing environments. This study addresses integrating collaborative robotic systems (cobots) to promote active learning and problem-solving skills within project-based learning factories. The rationale for the research stems from the increasing use of robotics in industrial settings and the corresponding need for learning factories to address the demand for highly skilled professionals who can effectively collaborate with robotic systems and address industrial challenges in real-world scenarios. The approach includes the design of learning modules incorporating ABB virtual cobots into learning factory workflows, followed by a structured evaluation of student engagement to troubleshoot, optimize workflows, and solve complex, dynamic problems. Key metrics such as task completion time, error rates, and decision-making quality amongst other students’ feedback are analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach. The results of this study showed marked improvement in students’ ability to methodically identify, analyze, and resolve manufacturing issues effectively with the aid of cobots. The main contribution of this study lies in demonstrating how cobots facilitate and improve dynamic problem-solving skills in a project-based learning environment. This study offers insights into how cobots can be incorporated into educational frameworks, supporting the broader goals of learning factories. The study’s relevance to learning factories emphasizes hands-on learning, teamwork, and the goal of preparing students for the increasing challenges of Industry 4.0.