This study examines the influence of Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL) on residents’ multi-layered cultural identities, using Qingdao and Guiyang as case studies for their distinctive HUL types and cultural backgrounds. Qingdao’s HUL integrates German colonial heritage with Chinese traditions, while Guiyang’s landscape predominantly reflects local ethnic and Han cultural influences. Through a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and semi-structured interviews, the research identifies key layers of cultural identity shaped by HUL, including symbols and spaces, daily behaviors and memory, and beliefs and cognition. The findings reveal that HUL contributes significantly to residents’ cultural identities by fostering a sense of continuity, pride, and emotional connection to historical spaces. Notably, public and residential buildings, landscapes, and cultural symbols are critical elements that reinforce residents’ identity and attachment to place. Furthermore, the study highlights how daily cultural practices, social networks, and traditional activities within these historic spaces deepen residents’ sense of belonging and community cohesion. Differences between Qingdao and Guiyang illustrate how diverse historical backgrounds shape unique yet comparable identity connections. Residents’ beliefs and cognitive perceptions of HUL, influenced by cultural education and governance policies, reveal the role of ideological and institutional factors in identity formation. This research underscores the importance of resident participation in sustainable HUL conservation, suggesting that empowering residents and integrating their cultural values in urban planning strengthen the social and emotional foundations of historic districts. The study offers insights into creating community-centered conservation strategies that honor cultural heritage while fostering sustainable urban development.