Adaptive learning system (ALS) can provide personalized learning resources and feedback according to students’ learning behavior and performance, thus improving learning efficiency. By collecting and analyzing students’ data, the system can accurately identify learning difficulties and points of interest, provide targeted learning resources and guidance, and help students improve their language use ability. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology covers many aspects, such as word grammar learning, listening and oral expression, translation, writing and reading skills. Through speech recognition, intelligent tutoring and feedback, and the construction of personalized learning paths, the interactivity and interest of teaching are enhanced, and the workload of teachers is reduced, so that they can devote more energy to teaching innovation and student counseling. This paper also analyzes the application scenarios of ALS in basic education, higher education and vocational training, and discusses the challenges and coping strategies in technical challenges, data privacy and security, education equity and teacher training and support. Through literature review, technical characteristics analysis and application case analysis, this paper aims to provide useful reference for future teaching practice.