During fabrication of a curved part, layers do not exactly coincide with the periphery of a curve, which causes gaps between layers and the curve. These gaps are inherent deficiencies and cannot be eliminated because a straight line will never coincide with a curve. If a planar layer is replaced with a curved layer, gaps can be eliminated in some geometry. But there is no industrial AM for curved layers, though there have been attempts with extrusion-based deposition by changing the build direction. The cause of the staircase effect is the progress of a feature making an angle with a vertical direction. For example, if a right cylinder is made with its base on a platform, there will not be any staircase effect because the build direction does not make an angle with the central axis of the cylinder. The cylinder is made up of horizontal planar layers with circular peripheries (discs). These discs are vertically aligned, constituting a cylinder. There is no gap and, therefore, no staircase effect.