In this chapter, we focus on Ralf Dahrendorf’s and Niklas Luhmann’s theoretical approaches in particular, which we expand and differentiate. The extension of Dahrendorf’s conflict theory is based on his life chances approach, integrating the concepts of options and ligatures in order to gain a more differentiated understanding of the nature of social conflicts. In the extension of Luhmann’s conflict theory, the phenomenon of affect logic is included, and an attempt is made to understand the escalation of conflicts in terms of systems theory.