This paper presents a cognitive assistance approach using ontologies to enhance pilot training and decision-making. A reference ontology, combining a domain ontology representing the aircraft’s external environment and a task ontology describing flight procedures, is leveraged. Based on this, a synthetic pilot, developed using the ACT-R cognitive architecture, provides personalized cognitive assistance to pilots, helping them in their training and decision-making processes. The synthetic pilot adapts to individual learning preferences and progress, offering tailored feedback and guidance. The aim is to increase pilots’ skills and enhance aviation safety through this personalized ontological cognitive assistance.