Microbial Diseases of Common Indian Spices and Their Management Through Microbial Applications
摘要
India has been known as the “magic land of spices” and is well-known for its spices from the ancient and mediaeval periods. Indian spice history tells a rich story of trade and the advancement of Indian civilisation. Grown in diverse agroclimatic zones, Indian spices are enhanced by a multitude of species, ranging from condiments to seed spices. Twenty of the 63 spices that are grown in India are categorised as seed spices. Spices are frequently utilised in the manufacture of perfumes, cosmetics, medications, and religious ceremonies. Microbiological diseases such as powdery mildew, downy mildew, and blight in fennel, wilt, stem gall, and powdery mildew in cumin, blight and gummosis in coriander, and powdery mildew and downy mildew in fenugreek, often attack these crops, resulting in a significant loss of yield and deterioration of the quality of the food. Spice seed infestations with diseases reduce productivity and output. Thus, one of the key strategies that might increase the production of spices is the treatment of illness. Plants are protected from infections by both biological and pharmacological controls (antagonists of bacteria and fungi). By developing antagonistic microorganisms at the infection site either before or after infection occurs, biological control protects plants from diseases. In several spices, an integrated disease control strategy including helpful antagonistic microbes is found to be highly encouraging for managing wilt, root rot, blight, powdery mildew, downy mildew, aphids, and nematode concerns.