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This study investigates the impact of feedback mechanisms, grounded in the Signaling Principle of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML), on learners’ higher-order thinking skills and hands-on performance in a virtual reality (VR) learning environment. A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 12 university students, divided into an experimental group that received signaling-based feedback and a control group that did not. The VR course, focused on electronic circuits and programming, incorporated interactive tasks and real-time feedback designed to guide learners through complex problem-solving and practical application. Results showed that participants who received CTML-informed feedback demonstrated significantly higher performance in both critical thinking domains and practical tasks. These findings highlight the importance of integrating instructional feedback into immersive environments to promote deeper cognitive engagement and procedural competence. Future research should extend this approach across diverse subject areas, consider long-term learning outcomes, and explore the integration of Generative AI tools such as GPT to enable adaptive, personalized support in VR-based education.

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Enhancing Higher-Order Thinking and Hands-On Performance in VR Learning Environments Through CTML-Based Feedback Design

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Wei-Sheng Wang,
  • Margus Pedaste,
  • Yueh-Min Huang

摘要

This study investigates the impact of feedback mechanisms, grounded in the Signaling Principle of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML), on learners’ higher-order thinking skills and hands-on performance in a virtual reality (VR) learning environment. A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 12 university students, divided into an experimental group that received signaling-based feedback and a control group that did not. The VR course, focused on electronic circuits and programming, incorporated interactive tasks and real-time feedback designed to guide learners through complex problem-solving and practical application. Results showed that participants who received CTML-informed feedback demonstrated significantly higher performance in both critical thinking domains and practical tasks. These findings highlight the importance of integrating instructional feedback into immersive environments to promote deeper cognitive engagement and procedural competence. Future research should extend this approach across diverse subject areas, consider long-term learning outcomes, and explore the integration of Generative AI tools such as GPT to enable adaptive, personalized support in VR-based education.