Multi-scale and -level planning is particularly relevant when addressing ecosystem services (ESS) and its role in promoting rural-urban synergies. While ESS need to be addressed spatially at multiple scales to capture ecological processes, ESS value needs to be recognized at multiple levels of decision-making, and within each level. This chapter addresses the use of multi-scale planning (related to scales of ecological processes) and multi-level planning (related to levels of conducting planning and making decisions) to enhance rural-urban synergies based on ESS. A brief review is conducted of the scientific literature and of core policies that set the framework for multi-scale and -level consideration of ESS within spatial planning. Broad consideration, and integration, of ESS in sectoral and spatial planning must be adequately considered at, and within, multiple geographical levels and scales. Conclusions are drawn in relation to the role of ESS in enhancing rural-urban synergies and the recognition that an integration of multi-scale and -level planning is a pivotal condition for that to be achieved.