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Virtual reality (VR) has been increasingly used in clinical settings as a tool for exposure therapy for specific phobias, such as acrophobia and social anxiety and also for the treatment of some disorders such as trypophobia. However, most existing systems rely on static, pre-programmed exposures and do not integrate real-time physiological feedback to support dynamic adjustment of the exposure process. This paper presents a prospective study aimed at designing targeted VR scenarios for three selected case studies related to phobia management: acrophobia, social anxiety, and trypophobia. It proposes a framework for a dynamic and personalized exposure path, grounded in adaptive and biofeedback-driven VR systems. Future research directions are also discussed, with particular attention to usability assessment, clinical effectiveness, and the refinement of adaptive mechanisms based on individual user responses.

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VR for Specific Phobias: a Perspective on Adaptive and Physiological Feedback-Based Exposure Therapy

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Mattia Ciurlia,
  • Matteo Paiano,
  • Matteo Rubino,
  • Giovanni D’Errico,
  • Giulia Pellegrino,
  • Maria Cristina Barba,
  • Lucio Tommaso De Paolis

摘要

Virtual reality (VR) has been increasingly used in clinical settings as a tool for exposure therapy for specific phobias, such as acrophobia and social anxiety and also for the treatment of some disorders such as trypophobia. However, most existing systems rely on static, pre-programmed exposures and do not integrate real-time physiological feedback to support dynamic adjustment of the exposure process. This paper presents a prospective study aimed at designing targeted VR scenarios for three selected case studies related to phobia management: acrophobia, social anxiety, and trypophobia. It proposes a framework for a dynamic and personalized exposure path, grounded in adaptive and biofeedback-driven VR systems. Future research directions are also discussed, with particular attention to usability assessment, clinical effectiveness, and the refinement of adaptive mechanisms based on individual user responses.