This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of breastfeeding and the use of human milk as it relates to pediatric nutrition. It begins by outlining organizational recommendations regarding breastfeeding duration and the child and parental benefits driving them. The chapter describes the stages of human milk production and examines the composition of human milk, highlighting key macronutrients and micronutrients essential for child development. It also discusses necessary nutritional supplements, recommended milk volume intake, and factors influencing duration of breastfeeding. It also discusses practical guidance on the safe storage, sharing, and handling of human milk, and provides strategies for managing infants with poor weight gain, including options for human milk fortification. This chapter serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the multifaceted nature of human milk feeding, equipping readers with the knowledge to support optimal nutrition and human milk feeding for families.