With over 430,000 new cases in 2022 and an estimated 460,000 in 2025, kidney cancer is the fourteenth most common cancer worldwide. Furthermore, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has continued to increase in many nations, indicating the importance of identifying risk factors, discussing potential screening techniques, as well as staging for outcomes. Risk factors such as male gender, age, smoking, diet, obesity, hypertension, renal disease, family history, certain medication use, and environmental exposures are all discussed in the context of RCC. While no current screening method has been used as a gold standard, this chapter reviews the utility of both imaging as well as laboratory testing in screening patients of both the general public and targeted populations. Once RCC is diagnosed, it is important to understand new developments in the TNM staging process to accurately guide treatment and manage expected outcomes. This chapter will cover the historical evolution of renal cell carcinoma TNM staging as well as literature impacting the most recent staging guidelines.