Sustainable development, as outlined in the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda, faces growing challenges due to escalating conflicts, geopolitical instability, and socio-economic inequalities. Armed conflicts destroy infrastructure, displace populations, and divert resources from essential sectors like healthcare, education, and environmental protection. Additionally, resource depletion and climate change act as “threat multipliers”, intensifying geopolitical tensions, economic disparities, and migration crises. This study employs systems analysis and big data intelligence to examine global security threats and the patterns of systemic conflicts. Through data mining and cluster analysis, the research highlights national security vulnerabilities, revealing disparities between developed and conflict-prone regions. The war in Ukraine serves as a case study within broader global conflict cycles, demonstrating how geopolitical, economic, and environmental factors shape contemporary conflicts. Findings underscore the need for integrated approaches to conflict prevention and sustainable development. By identifying key risk factors and security trends, this research offers insights into mitigating global threats and enhancing resilience through improved governance, international cooperation, and sustainable resource management.