The relationship between cattle herding and agricultural development, and large, mostly charismatic carnivore conservation, and research methods assessing and analyzing these developments, are critical issues in the modern world. Currently, cattle breeding, management, and production are among the most important issues for global food production. Cattle are by far the most important livestock in modern industry, challenged only by alternative food sources. Currently, most cattle are reared in organized, well-managed farms, but substantial numbers are also managed as free-ranging herds in semi-rural and even natural landcover, on land near to large carnivore habitats. In North America and Europe, increasingly sophisticated agricultural systems have been developed, which are linked to the industrial world’s linkages and markets. In Asia, South America, and Africa, modernizing trends are evident, especially in the urbanized areas, but there are also larger areas where small farmers rear cattle and other small livestock in natural, sometimes degraded landcover.