Mapping Gender-Specific Spatial Disparities in HIV Testing and Condom Use in Namibia
摘要
Background: HIV testing and condom use are proven interventions towards HIV infection prevention. However, access and uptake of such interventions vary by gender, to a larger extent driven by stigma and discrimination, fear and violence or sexism, resulting in skewed patterns of coverage. The objective of the study was to examine gender-specific disparities in HIV testing and condom use in Namibia for targeted health promotion interventions. Methods: Using data from the 2006/2007 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (NHDS), we mapped the gender-specific variation in HIV testing and condom use in Namibia, at both regional and sub-regional levels, using Bayesian hierarchical spatial mapping techniques. The models also accounted for socio-economic variables. Results: Common and divergent patterns of HIV testing and condom use emerged. Common areas among men and women on HIV testing were observed in Khomas, Oshana and Ohangwena, while divergent patterns were estimated in Caprivi, Kavango and Karas regions. The study further revealed that exposure to media, level of education, wealth index, employment status, place of residence and marital status were more likely to be associated with the use of condoms and HIV testing both in males and females. Conclusion: The study highlights areas lagging behind in the uptake of HIV testing and condom use. The information will be valuable for guiding public health actions that are targeted at increased uptake of such interventions. More attention should be paid to men and women in Caprivi and Kavango region as well as those in the rural areas.