Observations and actions do not take place in a vacuum: what is seen and done is always seen and done in some context. Intuitively, the context of an observation or action comprises what has not been observed about the environment—whether due to technical limitations or attentional focus—when the observations or actions of interest are carried out. “Context effects” are ubiquitous in science; isolated experimental environments, controls, and replication are all strategies to minimize them.

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Non-commuting CCCDs and Non-causal Context Dependence

  • Chris Fields,
  • James Glazebrook

摘要

Observations and actions do not take place in a vacuum: what is seen and done is always seen and done in some context. Intuitively, the context of an observation or action comprises what has not been observed about the environment—whether due to technical limitations or attentional focus—when the observations or actions of interest are carried out. “Context effects” are ubiquitous in science; isolated experimental environments, controls, and replication are all strategies to minimize them.