The global population has dramatically increased from 3.7 billion in 1970 to 7.9 billion in 2021, and it’s expected to reach 9 billion by 2050 and 11 billion by 2100. This rapid growth poses a significant challenge for food security. To meet the rising demand for food, there has been a substantial increase in both crop and livestock production, leading to a corresponding increase in agricultural waste generation. Countries like China, India, and Africa have experienced rapid population growth, economic development, and a rise in agricultural waste production. India, for example, produces a massive amount of solid waste annually, with agricultural waste being the primary component, estimated at around 350–990 million tonnes per year. As the world’s second-largest producer of agricultural waste after China, India generates over 130 million tonnes of paddy straw, half of which is used as fodder and the other half is discarded. The practice of burning rice residue (parali) in the northwestern region of India contributes significantly to air pollution and public health concerns. Agriculture plays a vital role in the global economy and is the sole provider of food and nutrition. However, it also produces a significant amount of waste, including waste from food processing, crop waste, animal waste, and hazardous waste from farming practices. The growing global concern over environmental degradation and resource depletion has prompted the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices to reduce agricultural waste. Agricultural waste, a byproduct of agricultural production, poses a significant challenge to global sustainability. The unsustainable management of agricultural waste not only results in the loss of valuable resources but also contributes to environmental degradation, climate change, and public health issues. Conversely, its sustainable management can offer numerous benefits, including improved soil health, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and the creation of valuable products. The present chapter highlights the importance of promoting sustainable agricultural waste management on a global scale, and prominence of its economic, environmental, and social implications. This chapter explores the classification of agricultural waste from various sources, strategies for utilizing and valorizing these wastes, and composting as a sustainable approach to managing agricultural waste. The study also examines the current state of agricultural waste management, discuss the benefits of sustainable practices, and propose policy recommendations to support the transition toward a more circular and sustainable agricultural economy. Agricultural waste can be a double-edged sword, posing significant environmental and health risks if mishandled, but also offering valuable benefits when managed responsibly. It can be concluded that effective management of agricultural waste is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This involves reducing waste generation, utilizing valuable resources, and recycling materials. By minimizing pollution and conserving resources, these practices not only benefit the environment but also boost agricultural productivity and long-term sustainability. As we strive for a more sustainable future, it is essential to integrate the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle into agricultural practices to protect the planet and ensure the well-being of future generations. To achieve this, key strategies such as composting, biogas production, mulching, biomass conversion, and recycling packaging materials can be employed. Sustainable agricultural waste management is a global imperative that offers significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. Effective waste management systems can help farmers reduce their environmental impact, improve soil health, generate renewable energy, create valuable products, and enhance food security. By promoting the adoption of sustainable practices, we can contribute to a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable future. Furthermore, technological advancements and innovations are making it possible to manage agricultural waste in a more efficient and sustainable manner, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future for the agricultural sector.