Ghana is a major leading producer and exporter of gold in Africa. Despite being a leading producer and exporter of gold, the geology of the country and different styles of gold mineralization are not well documented. As minerals are finite resources, it is important to actively explore for new gold deposits to aid in national development. Nevertheless, apart from a few scattered and old texts, there are clear knowledge gaps in understanding gold mineralization styles in Ghana. Furthermore, the origin of Ghana’s principal gold deposit types remains insufficiently studied. Therefore, this study documented the geology of the different geological provinces in Ghana, focusing on the styles of gold mineralization discussed in the existing literature. The study reveals that Ghana is lithologically divided into four main geological provinces, namely cratonic domain (shield area), cratonic cover (platform units), metamorphic and mobile belt, and coastal sedimentary basins. The cratonic domain of Ghana comprises the Paleoproterozoic Birimian Supergroup and the younger Tarkwaian Group. This domain, intruded by granitic complexes, consists of volcanic and sedimentary sequences that were deformed, folded, and metamorphosed during the Eburnean Orogeny (2.2–1.8 Ga). In contrast, the overlying cratonic cover is dominated by the Neoproterozoic Voltaian Supergroup. The Pan-African Orogeny (950–550 Ma) deformed and faulted the rocks of the Dahomeyan Supergroup, Buem Structural Unit, and Togo Structural Unit, which together form the metamorphic and mobile belt. The youngest lithologies occur in the coastal sedimentary basins, comprising the Sekondian Group, Amisian Group, Appollonian Group, Accraian Group, and the Keta Basin, along the southern margin of the country. The bulk of the gold deposits are characterized by two styles of mineralization: mesothermal quartz-vein gold deposits hosted in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, and paleoplacer gold deposits hosted in conglomerates. The mesothermal gold deposits formed by hydrothermal processes because of the intrusion of Basin-type Granitoids into the Birimian metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, whereas the paleoplacer deposits formed through supergene conditions. These deposit types occur in the variably deformed Paleoproterozoic Birimian Supergroup and the Tarkwaian Group, which comprise all the southwest to northeast trending gold belts in Ghana. The mesothermal quartz-vein gold-type mineralization mostly occurs in the Birimian gold belts associated with faults and shear zones. The vein systems appear to have formed from multiple stages, with gold mineralization occurring as mainly free gold in fractures within the veins or as invisible gold within disseminated sulfides in the surrounding host rocks. The common mineralogy associated with this type of mineralization is arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, ankerite, calcite, chlorite and tourmaline. The paleoplacer deposits occur as free gold hosted in conglomerates in the Banket Formation of the Tarkwaian Group with some hydrothermal modification. They occur in association with authigenic ilmenite/rutile, magnetite, hematite and sericite. There are also some alluvial gold deposits sourced from sediments along the major rivers in the country.