Soil erosion poses a significant environmental threat across various regions of India, directly impacting crop productivity through the removal of nutrient-rich topsoil. To address this issue, a study was conducted for the Upper Kangsabati River Basin with the major objective of determining the average annual soil loss. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) were employed as essential tools for modeling annual soil loss. The methodology involved the utilization of soil maps, satellite imagery, digital elevation model (DEM) data, and precipitation records from various sources to create Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) factor maps, specifically the rainfall–runoff erosivity, cover management, soil erodibility, support practice, and slope length and steepness factors. These factor maps were converted into raster format and multiplied to estimate the annual soil loss for the study area. The results of the study revealed that the Upper Kangsabati River Basin’s annual soil erosion rate ranges from 0 to 20.31 t ha−1 year−1, with a standard deviation of 2.75 t ha−1 year−1, showing high erosion rates primarily in regions with steep slopes and along riverbanks with barren land. In contrast, agricultural lands and settled areas exhibit moderate-to-low erosion rates, emphasizing the critical need for targeted soil conservation strategies, such as reforestation and terracing, in high-risk zones to reduce soil loss and enhance landscape resilience. The findings are crucial for assessing soil erosion risks and implementing strategies to maintain agricultural productivity in regions like the Upper Kangsabati River Basin, demonstrating the efficacy of remote sensing and GIS in environmental monitoring and management.