By analyzing the development and application of carbon-based nanocomposites in solar cell technology, this chapter highlights solar energy as a sustainable alternative and responds to the urgent need for renewable energy sources. It introduces carbon nanomaterials, emphasizing how their large surface area, resilience, and excellent electrical conductivity enhance solar cell performance. These intriguing compounds include carbon dots, graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. Based on available research, the chapter examines novel findings and demonstrates how these nanocomposites can enhance solar cells’ flexibility, stability, and efficiency. It also discusses problems like material compatibility, scalability, and price and offers solutions by utilizing innovative material science and engineering methods. The chapter’s conclusion includes recommendations for future study areas for developing advanced materials.