Rising global population and food demand have led to increased cultivation of food crops including plantation crops, in recent decades. Though increased cultivation and production of plantation crops ensure food security and supply feedstock for industrial processes, the monumental generation of residues presents a growing challenge. This chapter provides an overview of the industrial biotechnological and economic sustainability of plantation crop residue conversion and utilization. The study describes and classifies plantation crop residues and the technologies, benefits, challenges, and policy recommendations for their conversion and utilization. Leaves, pods, wood shavings, sawdust, shells, bagasse, husks, and other residues from plantation crops can be processed and converted to biofuels, organic acids, chemicals, and other bioproducts. The bioconversion of plantation crop residues offers economic, resource recovery, renewable energy generation, and environmental sustainability benefits. Biotechnological conversion of crop residues helps in job creation, improves soil health and fertility, and promotes resource efficiency. However, challenges such as high initial investment, technological complexities, regulatory obstacles, and public acceptance need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of residue conversion. More multidisciplinary studies, capacity building, collaboration, and partnerships are recommended to create a more resilient agricultural sector and sustainable waste recycling for economic and environmental benefits.