This chapter develops the conceptual framework for analysing Australian Muslim Community Organisations MCOs agency in response to Islamophobia. It begins by critically engaging with dominant definitions of Islamophobia in academic and policy discourses, particularly those produced by Muslim organisations in the West at the time of conducting this research (2018–2019). It moves beyond definitions that frame Islamophobia solely as anti-Muslim racism, to conceptualise it as a form of discursive power, drawing on Michel Foucault’s theory of power/knowledge and Edward Said’s Orientalism. This framing situates Islamophobia within broader structures of hegemony and knowledge production that render Islam and Muslims as the ‘Other’. The chapter then turns to Rob Stones’ elaboration of Giddens’ structuration theory, Strong Structuration Theory (SST), to theorise MCOs’ agency. It adopts a meso-level ontological position and deploys SST’s quadripartite framework—comprising external structures, internal structures, active agency, and outcomes—to foreground the interplay between structural constraints and agentic capacities, offering a nuanced lens through which to understand how MCOs interpret their roles, formulate strategies, and engage in collective action amid the discursive and institutional pressures of Islamophobia.