This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of seismic and climate-related risk assessment for built heritage through a multi-scale and multi-risk perspective. It introduces the four-level approach for seismic vulnerability, covering methods ranging from preliminary visual assessments and Masonry Quality Index calculations to advanced analytical and vulnerability index techniques, applied both at territorial individual buildings scales. The chapter analyses local and global collapse mechanisms, modelling strategies, and risk estimation, with special attention to the derivation of fragility curves and damage distributions. Additionally, it broadens the risk framework to include climate change impacts, examining the effects of temperature fluctuations, moisture, precipitation, wind, and solar radiation on the structural integrity and material durability of heritage buildings. In this context, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is also examined, as its combination with global warming and heat waves can lead to elevated urban ambient temperatures, potentially compromising thermal comfort and increasing energy demand during the summer season. The calculation of UHI intensity is presented at both the urban and building-scale levels. This combined approach supports integrated conservation strategies to address the challenges posed by seismic events and long-term climatic impacts.