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Egypt struggles to meet its freshwater needs due to its location in a semi-arid and arid region, where rainfall is scarce and irregular. The Nile River, its primary surface water source, faces growing challenges, further compounding the issue. Groundwater is significant in the Nile Delta, as it is the second water source in an area that is the most densely populated and humanly active in Egypt. There are many challenges to the Nile Delta and its groundwater, including climate change and the subsequent rising sea level that occupies land areas and increases groundwater salinization. The decrease in recharge sources of the Nile Delta Quaternary aquifer is considered another important challenge, as the construction of dams on the Nile River affects the flow of surface water, and the subsequent excessive pumping of groundwater negatively affects the freshwater reserve in the aquifer and stimulates the intrusion of salty seawater. For all of the above, this chapter intended to compile a comprehensive review of the Nile Delta Quaternary aquifer in terms of (1) the surface environmental factors that affect the aquifer, including climate, geomorphology, land use, and assessment of the amounts of recharge to the aquifer and the surface waterways network, (2) the Nile Delta geological nature and tectonics and the impact on the aquifer system, (3) sedimentological, hydrogeological and aquifer, and Holocene clay cap layer, petrophysical characteristics, as well as the groundwater flow system, (4) evaluation of the origin and source of groundwater using stable isotopes, (5) evaluating the quality of surface and groundwater for different uses, as well as assessing the extent of groundwater’s susceptibility to pollution in different areas of the delta, (6) evaluating the impact of agricultural reclamation operations on groundwater in the east and west of the Nile Delta, and (7) evaluating the impact of seawater intrusion in the Quaternary aquifer and its spatial extension in the aquifer based on hydrogeochemical, hydrogeophysical, and GALDIT methods.

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Nile Delta Groundwater and Impacts of Environmental Changes

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Zenhom E. Salem,
  • Mohamed K. Zidan

摘要

Egypt struggles to meet its freshwater needs due to its location in a semi-arid and arid region, where rainfall is scarce and irregular. The Nile River, its primary surface water source, faces growing challenges, further compounding the issue. Groundwater is significant in the Nile Delta, as it is the second water source in an area that is the most densely populated and humanly active in Egypt. There are many challenges to the Nile Delta and its groundwater, including climate change and the subsequent rising sea level that occupies land areas and increases groundwater salinization. The decrease in recharge sources of the Nile Delta Quaternary aquifer is considered another important challenge, as the construction of dams on the Nile River affects the flow of surface water, and the subsequent excessive pumping of groundwater negatively affects the freshwater reserve in the aquifer and stimulates the intrusion of salty seawater. For all of the above, this chapter intended to compile a comprehensive review of the Nile Delta Quaternary aquifer in terms of (1) the surface environmental factors that affect the aquifer, including climate, geomorphology, land use, and assessment of the amounts of recharge to the aquifer and the surface waterways network, (2) the Nile Delta geological nature and tectonics and the impact on the aquifer system, (3) sedimentological, hydrogeological and aquifer, and Holocene clay cap layer, petrophysical characteristics, as well as the groundwater flow system, (4) evaluation of the origin and source of groundwater using stable isotopes, (5) evaluating the quality of surface and groundwater for different uses, as well as assessing the extent of groundwater’s susceptibility to pollution in different areas of the delta, (6) evaluating the impact of agricultural reclamation operations on groundwater in the east and west of the Nile Delta, and (7) evaluating the impact of seawater intrusion in the Quaternary aquifer and its spatial extension in the aquifer based on hydrogeochemical, hydrogeophysical, and GALDIT methods.