Chronic Heart Failure in Frail and Elderly Patients
摘要
With continuous aging of the population and improved medical care, an increased proportion of frail patients is expected. In chronic heart failure, frailty is a major contributor to poor functional status and adverse clinical outcomes. Frailty and heart failure are frequently interlinked and share common mechanisms. Frailty is associated with a worse prognosis in heart failure and several concerns regarding the risk-benefit balance of intervention in this population group exist. However, most of the heart failure clinical trials suggest that therapeutical benefits are maintained, independent of age and frailty status. Frailty assessment and early implementation of specific measures are recommended, to reduce its negative impact on heart failure outcomes. Routine evaluation for frailty should be incorporated in daily clinical management and early intervention targeting modifiable components should be instituted.