Robotics are becoming increasingly commonplace in many industries but their application in horticultural production systems is relatively poorly developed. There is considerable potential for horticultural robotics to address labour shortages, reduce work-related injuries, maximise productivity and minimise waste. However, there are also considerable technical challenges to be overcome. This chapter takes a detailed look at harvesting in apples and kiwifruit, and pollination in kiwifruit, to explore some of the most intractable problems in automating horticultural production. A case study of harvesting a horticultural row crop is also provided.