Access, Creation of Pneumoperitoneum and Trocar Placement in Laparoscopic Surgery
摘要
Creation of peritoneal access for pneumoperitoneum and trans-abdominal wall portals for instrumentation are primary steps during laparoscopic surgery having different techniques and selection sites. Open and closed access techniques are safe in experienced hands with limitations in some cases. Patient-, surgery-, and surgeon-related factors necessitate an individualized approach in each case after a proper preoperative evaluation and with the requisite surgical skills. The complications from access creation may lead to delays in commencing the surgery properly, conversion to laparotomy, and adverse outcomes. Hence, the key steps in safely creating an intrabdominal workspace and portals for instrumentation during closed cavity laparoscopic procedures are herein discussed for safe practice.