Firms have a major role to play in ensuring the goal of sustainable development is achieved. However, without the appropriate corporate governance, the possibility of achieving this is slim. This study contributes to the body of knowledge of corporate governance by examining its impact on capacity building, non-financial performance, sustainability reporting, social impact, and sustainable economic development. The methodology adopted in this study is a systematic literature review. The results of the examination of extant studies underline the value of training on the performance of employees and development of organizational capacity. It establishes that companies which embark on encouraging their employees to build their capacity were more efficient and had a lower turnover rate. Also, innovative culture, organizational learning, and organizational performance positively correlate with each other and the relationship was facilitated through sound governance guidelines. Corporate governance also shapes an organization’s social responsibility, sustainability reporting, and green initiatives—based on different goals of the United Nations. This indicates that corporate governance positively changes firm innovation, organizational commitment, and long-term performance, whereas, board diversity enhances corporate social responsibility (CSR), sustainability reporting, and overall performance.