One of the most important problems experienced in arid and semi-arid areas is the gradual decrease and pollution of water resources. This problem, which arises due to many factors, especially climate change, causes a decrease in agricultural production in many regions. As is known, the most effective application in increasing agricultural production is irrigation. Irrigation alone can increase the yield by 40%. However, in projections on water resources, it is seen that access to irrigation water will become more difficult in the future. As the annual world population increases by an average of 80 million people per year, it is inevitable to increase the freshwater provision in the world by 64 km3 per year. While only a few countries had water problems in the 1950s, it is stated that by 2050, 66 countries will have moderate or severe water shortages, where 2/3 of the world's population will live. For this reason, it is imperative to operate water resources more appropriately at local, regional, national, and international levels, to store water when it is plentiful, and more importantly, to use non-traditional water resources (saline water, drainage water and domestic-industrial wastewater) besides traditional water resources (surface water, stream and river water, lakes and groundwater). Saline water (or unconventional water sources) includes urban industrial wastewater and drainage water of unconventional quality. It is estimated that 70% of the world's agricultural land will become problematic soils in the next 50 years because of improper operation of freshwater resources and will be irrigated with wastewater (drainage and domestic-industrial wastewater). Currently, saline water is widely used in many parts of the world, especially in countries like Australia, Egypt, India, Israel, Pakistan, the USA and the former USSR. However, since the long-term use of saline water can change the physiochemical properties of the soils, it requires important knowledge of many parameters for its use. These parameters are, i.e., (a) water quality and pollution sources, (b) plant salt tolerance, (c) time the plant is exposed to salt, (d) spatial and temporal distribution and variation of salt in the root zone and soil, (e) differences in resistance of varieties to salt, (f) climatic characteristics of the area where the water is used, and (g) soil properties. There are uncertainties about irrigation scheduling that should be applied in the long-term use of saline water, the leaching process to reduce soil salinity, the cyclic irrigation strategy, and the frequency of irrigation to reduce the effect of salt in the soil.

Marginal Water Use and Management in Agriculture

章节
发表日期：

2025年

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Berkant Odemis,
Dursun Buyuktas

摘要

One of the most important problems experienced in arid and semi-arid areas is the gradual decrease and pollution of water resources. This problem, which arises due to many factors, especially climate change, causes a decrease in agricultural production in many regions. As is known, the most effective application in increasing agricultural production is irrigation. Irrigation alone can increase the yield by 40%. However, in projections on water resources, it is seen that access to irrigation water will become more difficult in the future. As the annual world population increases by an average of 80 million people per year, it is inevitable to increase the freshwater provision in the world by 64 km3 per year. While only a few countries had water problems in the 1950s, it is stated that by 2050, 66 countries will have moderate or severe water shortages, where 2/3 of the world's population will live. For this reason, it is imperative to operate water resources more appropriately at local, regional, national, and international levels, to store water when it is plentiful, and more importantly, to use non-traditional water resources (saline water, drainage water and domestic-industrial wastewater) besides traditional water resources (surface water, stream and river water, lakes and groundwater). Saline water (or unconventional water sources) includes urban industrial wastewater and drainage water of unconventional quality. It is estimated that 70% of the world's agricultural land will become problematic soils in the next 50 years because of improper operation of freshwater resources and will be irrigated with wastewater (drainage and domestic-industrial wastewater). Currently, saline water is widely used in many parts of the world, especially in countries like Australia, Egypt, India, Israel, Pakistan, the USA and the former USSR. However, since the long-term use of saline water can change the physiochemical properties of the soils, it requires important knowledge of many parameters for its use. These parameters are, i.e., (a) water quality and pollution sources, (b) plant salt tolerance, (c) time the plant is exposed to salt, (d) spatial and temporal distribution and variation of salt in the root zone and soil, (e) differences in resistance of varieties to salt, (f) climatic characteristics of the area where the water is used, and (g) soil properties. There are uncertainties about irrigation scheduling that should be applied in the long-term use of saline water, the leaching process to reduce soil salinity, the cyclic irrigation strategy, and the frequency of irrigation to reduce the effect of salt in the soil.