Recent advancements in nondestructive testing have enabled improved characterization of asphalt concrete’s dynamic behavior. This study presents a practical framework for experimental modal analysis of cylindrical asphalt concrete samples using both vibrational (EMA) and vibroacoustic (VMT) techniques. Finite element analysis was first employed to identify potential resonance modes in the 1–10 kHz range, ultimately selecting the second breathing mode—centered around approximately 10 kHz—as the optimal candidate for dynamic evaluation. Cylindrical samples (10 cm diameter, 25 mm height) were tested using a roving hammer approach with fixed sensor placement, while high-precision accelerometers and microphones captured acceleration and acoustic responses at a 50 kHz sampling rate to ensure accurate signal acquisition. EMA results demonstrated an average resonance frequency of 9716.0 Hz ± 24.57 Hz, whereas VMT yielded 9673.32 Hz ± 34.47 Hz—a difference of only 0.44%. However, damping ratio measurements varied significantly: EMA produced a value of 0.06082 ± 0.00029 compared to 0.02715 ± 0.00823 from VMT, likely due to acoustic interference and surface heterogeneity affecting the latter. While both methods reliably capture resonance frequencies, EMA provides more precise and consistent damping estimates. The integrated approach outlined in this study offers a robust basis for the non-destructive dynamic evaluation of asphalt concrete. Future research should extend this methodology to various asphalt concrete sizes and types to further refine and validate its broader applicability.