This chapter evaluates the role of Africa’s mineral resources in the global energy transition. Africa’s abundant mineral resources, such as cobalt, lithium, graphite, and rare earth elements, are crucial for the worldwide energy transition, powering technologies like electric vehicles, batteries, and renewable energy systems. Consistent with the overarching theme of this book, this chapter looks critically at the risks and opportunities around the demand for Africa’s mineral resources required to fuel the global energy transition. On the one hand, the chapter evaluates to what extent Africa can benefit from the increased global demand for its mineral resources. It is believed that if appropriately managed, this demand can catalyse economic growth and prosperity. On the other hand, it considers the inherent risks arising from increased mining activities in Africa. Some of these risks are the exacerbation of environmental degradation, conflicts, poverty, and wars that have trailed mineral resource-rich countries in Africa.