Soil is the primary habitat for many living organisms. However, human activities and modernization have led to soil pollution, primarily from substances like xenobiotics and persistent pollutants, which have had detrimental effects on soil composition and characteristics. Oil spills pose significant risks to both human health and environmental integrity, impacting economic stability, public health, ecosystems, and societal well-being. Bioremediation techniques are eco-friendly and have a sustainable nature. Leveraging microorganisms for bioremediation shows particular promise, especially in the restoration of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), including total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Microbial-based approaches offer advantages such as environmental compatibility, cost-effectiveness, minimal risk of secondary contamination, and ease of application and cultivation. It is imperative to prevent and degrade these pollutants to safeguard soil properties, microbial communities, and overall ecosystem health. This chapter delves into the mechanisms underlying the degradation capabilities of specific microbial taxa (such as bacteria, fungi, and algae) employed in the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, drawing insights from a case study conducted in the Borhola oil fields of Assam, India, where a remarkable 75% degradation of hydrocarbon contaminants was achieved within a year. Furthermore, the chapter addresses the challenges encountered during the bioremediation process and underscores the inherent limitations of microbiological methodologies.