Pollution occurs when contaminants are released into the Earth’s environment and interfere with health, quality, and natural ecosystem function. Ecosystem sustainability is key in reducing population vulnerability; affecting economy, food and energy security, and the surrounding environment. Soil and sediment pollution is the critical environmental issue impacting ecosystem function, local water quality, and exposes human health to risk. Anthropogenic activity is the major source of petroleum hydrocarbons, which lead to environmental devastation. To combat petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil and sediment, this chapter presents available environmental remediation techniques and outlines major sources of environmental health hazards.