The thermo-deformation treatment relates to surface strengthening methods using highly concentrated energy sources and intensive plastic deformation of the surface layer’s metal, followed by forming a strengthened layer with a nanocrystalline structure. The highly concentrated energy sources is generated in the contact area of the tool with the workpiece by high-rate friction (60–90 m/s) of the tool on the treated surface. The tool’s design has transverse grooves on the tool’s work surface, the width of which ensures that the tool can completely take out of contact with the workpiece. When the next smooth surface of the tool comes into contact, it is subjected to a shock load. The process of thermo-deformation treatment is intermittent. A computational scheme of the machine’s elastic system is developed, and its mathematical model is constructed to study the dynamic processes during the thermo-deformation treatment of flat surfaces. The amplitude response of the machining process is obtained. The system parameters at which resonance is possible are determined. Recommendations for selecting the number of grooves on the tool’s work surface, which affect the parameters and characteristics of the strengthened layer, have been developed. To increase the thickness of the hardened layer and improve its quality parameters, it is desirable to use a tool with several grooves that will ensure the processing process at frequencies higher than resonant ones.