The modern aerospace sector necessitates materials that not only enhance the performance and technological features of aerospace systems but also minimize costs related to operation, maintenance, and disposal. A promising solution lies in the utilization of polymer composite materials (PCM). As the demand for improved operational performance increases, there is an urgent requirement for materials that can enhance technical specifications while also reducing weight. Basalt fiber (BF), derived from basalt rock, can be processed into extremely fine filaments. When combined with polymers, it results in Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the chemical composition, mechanical characteristics, and durability of basalt fiber. This article presents methods for improving the operational properties of structural elements of aircraft made from basalt plastics, such as thermal treatment and modification. Thermal treatment can enhance mechanical properties such as strength and stiffness without increasing weight characteristics. Basalt plastic after thermal treatment can be used in critical structural elements such as helicopter blade spars, wing stringers, and helicopter fairings.