In the contemporary scientific panorama, climate change has emerged as a key factor in global public health dynamics. With the change in climate patterns (marked mainly by high temperatures and changes in precipitation regimes) and the increasing number of extreme weather events (heavy rainfall, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, droughts, and heat waves), the risk of illness or worsening of pre-existing conditions is expected. In view of this, this chapter analyzes the association between climate change and the increasing risk of illness. The analysis addressed the underlying physiological mechanisms, the observed epidemiological impacts, and the suggestions that corroborate mitigation and adaptation to this emerging reality. The aim was to highlight the complex interactions that shape the panorama of human health in a world undergoing constant climate change, such as the relationship between tropical diseases and such changes in our planet’s climate. To this end, it was considered relevant to initially list the concepts of environment, climate, climate change, extreme weather events, disasters, and climate-sensitive diseases. The influences of climate change on human health were discussed, highlighting the main impacts, injuries, and diseases related to climate events, as well as strategies to reduce them through integration between the health sector and the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term low emissions development strategies (LEDS). A summary of the effects of climate change, vectors/agents of tropical diseases, and risk factors for chronic diseases was carried out, according to exposure or susceptibility in the most vulnerable groups. The main chronic diseases that are sensitive to climate were also described, including those that are most frequent and that have an impact on human health. Some of the mechanisms that explain the interrelationship between climate change and human health were discussed. The influence of climate on kidney diseases and tropical diseases was also discussed. In view of the above, there is an urgent need to implement public policies to mitigate these impacts. Furthermore, health interventions that take into account the different levels of management responsible are essential, including the macro levels (national and international health systems), meso levels (government collaboration to develop risk maps, investment in renewable energy, and urban greening), and micro levels (participation of the individual, the community, and the professionals).