Networks of Dependencies: Undocumented Pakistani Migrants in the Publicita Firms of Their Co-Ethnics in Italy
摘要
Migration specialists use the term “social capital” to refer to social networks. This chapter uses ethnographic data collected from Pakistani migrants living in Brescia to illustrate the impact of limited opportunities in formal employment, participation in the segmented informal sector among established migrants, and reliance on labour provided by undocumented migrants of the same ethnicity. It focuses on the implicit significance of social networks, particularly ethnic bonding networks, as a form of social capital for newly arrived migrants, thereby facilitating their incorporation into small-scale entrepreneurial endeavours. The chapter employs Floya Anthias’ (Translocations, 4(1), 5–20, 2008) conceptual framework of “translocational positionality” to explain the disparities and inequities observed in a variety of locations and the emergence of asymmetrical dependencies between various migrant groups of Pakistani descent.