This paper explores the role of neural plasticity and environmental influences in cognitive development and learning processes in humans. The brain’s ability to reorganize its synaptic connections is examined both during embryonic development and throughout the lifespan. The first part focuses on the impact of the environment on neural plasticity, from cellular influences to epigenetic ones. The analysis also includes the effects of epigenetics on cognition and the implications of environmental stress on brain function, with particular attention to changes in dendritic spines. The second part investigates how the environment continues to affect neuronal changes through learning, emphasizing the importance of timing and the synchronization of external stimuli and synaptic modifications at certain stages of development This study suggests that understanding the timing and coherence of synaptic activations is crucial for optimizing learning and improving cognitive rehabilitation strategies. A timing approach to neural plasticity, which is influenced by temporal and environmental factors, could also have significant implications for education, mental health, and therapeutic practices.