Behavioral economics has challenged the notion that people act rationally in maximizing their personal utility. Instead, people systematically misuse heuristics in ways that lead to poor outcomes, even when judged against their own conceptions of the good. Changing the context in which people choose can use those cognitive habits to promote what people themselves value. Nudges have been proposed and used in many areas of healthcare, including clinical and public health spaces. Critics object that nudges may not work and that they fail to respect individual autonomy. However, if nudges are subject to public scrutiny, they are not coercive or manipulative. And behavioral science can get us to a better understanding of people’s true preferences, assisted by digital technology, to minimize the chance that choice architects will intervene in the wrong ways. Libertarian paternalism thus avoids the pitfalls of traditional medical paternalism by both respecting patient autonomy and promoting outcomes that patients themselves value.