In recent decades, Islamic law has undergone a revival, exerting significant influence on the legal systems of various countries in the Middle East and beyond. While Western influence has introduced substantial changes to many aspects of law and legal practice, leading to varying degrees of deviation from orthodox Islamic principles, the legal systems of Islamic nations have not fully assimilated into Western frameworks. Instead, Islamic law remains a dynamic and evolving tradition, adapting to the shifting conditions and needs of the societies it governs. This chapter examines the historical foundations of Islamic law and the cultural, socio-political, and ideological forces that have shaped its development. It also explores the nature of its legal sources, with particular emphasis on the role of Islamic jurisprudence in legal evolution. As Islamic societies continue to evolve, legal discourse remains at the heart of the ideological and political struggle between traditionalism and modernism, influenced by Western, international, and transnational legal frameworks.