Comparative law emerged as a distinct discipline in the nineteenth century, driven by several key factors. Notably, the consolidation of the nation-state and the proliferation of national legislation necessitated a broader understanding of legal systems. Additionally, the expansion of international commercial relations exposed litigants and legal practitioners to foreign legal frameworks, while the growing emphasis on the scientific study of social phenomena fostered interest in law within a historical and comparative context. Comparative law can be categorized into two primary types: legislative comparative law, which involves the examination of foreign legal systems to inform national lawmaking, and scientific or theoretical comparative law, which seeks to enhance the understanding of law as a social and cultural phenomenon through comparative analysis. This chapter examines political and intellectual developments that contributed to the rise of modern comparative law in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with a particular focus on the contributions of scholars who analyzed legal phenomena from a historical-comparative perspective, ultimately establishing comparative law as a distinct branch of legal science.