The Netherlands, though never an empire in the traditional sense, exerted significant global influence through its Republic of the Seven Provinces (1588–1795), driven by powerful trading companies like the VOC and WIC. These “multinationals” established colonies in the East and West Indies, focusing on trade and exploitation rather than occupation. The VOC mentality, characterized by pragmatism, logistics and efficiency, fueled economic success but overlooked the suffering of enslaved and native populations. The Dutch Indies, particularly Java, were exploited through the Cultivation System, leading to famine and unrest. Post-World War II, the loss of colonies like Indonesia and New Guinea was traumatic, marked by a sense of Dutch superiority and by an underestimation of the local independence movements. The Dutch government's delayed recognition of Indonesian independence and the complex process of decolonization in Suriname and New Guinea highlight the intricate cultural and emotional contexts of these transitions. Recent efforts to reflect on this colonial past have been spurred by TV-documentaries, exhibitions, publications and official apologies.