This chapter introduces the concept of social accountability (SA) in medical schools, tracing its origins from political and economic contexts to its integration into medical education. Social accountability emphasizes the obligation of medical schools to align their education, research, and service activities with the priority health needs of their communities. The chapter highlights the historical evolution of SA, beginning with the Alma-Ata Declaration (1978), the WHO’s 1995 definition, and the 2010 Global Consensus. The core values of SA—relevance, equity, quality, and cost-effectiveness—are discussed in detail, showcasing their impact on medical education outcomes. Two case studies demonstrate practical application of SA: the University of New Mexico’s Health Extension Rural Offices and the Faculty of Medicine - University of Gezira, Sudan. These examples illustrate how partnerships, community-based education, and service learning can produce socially accountable graduates prepared to address community and health system needs.