The history of the Arabian Peninsula's tectonic development is intricately connected to worldwide geological occurrences and alterations in the configuration and location of the Arabian Plate. From the Proterozoic to the Paleozoic and into the Cenozoic, the region saw substantial structural alterations due to tectonic collisions, rifting, and compressional and extensional phenomena. Prominent tectonic formations, including the Arabian Shield, Najd Fault System, and Qatar Arch, developed due to these forces. The borders of the Arabian Plate, especially in the north and east, were delineated by interactions with the Eurasian Plate. This led to orogenic zones and rift systems like the Red Sea and Dead Sea Rift. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras were characterized by significant tectonic activity, particularly the Zagros collision and the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition, during which extensive ophiolite obduction and structural reactivation occurred. Every tectonic phase affected sedimentary processes, resulting in substantial carbonate and clastic deposits throughout the Arabian Plate. The Late Cretaceous epoch had the final event of the “Big Five” mass extinctions, driven by substantial climatic and tectonic alterations. The interaction of the Arabian Plate with other plates at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary resulted in significant climatic and sea level changes, signifying the onset of Antarctic ice and widespread volcanic activity. The tectonic history of the Arabian Peninsula demonstrates a complex interaction of geological processes that have influenced its present landscape, resource allocation, and structural frameworks, especially affecting hydrocarbon buildup in the area. This chapter thoroughly examines the tectonic components and geological development of the Arabian Plate, detailing its transition from the supercontinent Gondwana to its current arrangement.