The huge significance of contemporary negative demographic shifts in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the clear fact that without an appropriate demographic potential, there is no stability or progress give the topic of this chapter first-class importance for the security of the state. The specific aims of this chapter are to show the population change, distribution, and population density; to investigate the natural population dynamics and migrations; to analyze the basic structural characteristics of the population with an emphasis on the age structure; and to analyze past and future changes in the previously mentioned demographic phenomena in close connection and impact on socio-economic stability and security challenges. Measures related to the demographic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina should represent an elementary part of the state's overall development and security policy. It is possible to realize them only with the joint effort of all government structures on all spatial levels as part of a program of diversified and generally overall social development.