The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in cancer management enhances clinical decision-making, streamlines workflows, and personalizes patient care. This study evaluates the impact of AI-driven training modules on the awareness, knowledge, clinical competence, and patient care outcomes of oncology healthcare professionals. A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design was conducted among 150 oncology healthcare professionals using a purposive sampling technique. The AI-driven training program included interactive simulations, case-based learning, and practical AI tool application. Results showed that AI-driven training significantly improved awareness (mean score: 10.2–17.8, p < 0.001) and knowledge (mean score: 6.8–15.2, p < 0.001). Clinical competence levels also increased (mean score: 8.4–22.5, p < 0.001), with high competence improving from 5 to 45%. AI-trained professionals demonstrated higher confidence in interpreting diagnostic reports (20–75%) and patient monitoring (15–70%). Patient care outcomes improved significantly, with early diagnosis rates increasing from 30 to 75% (p < 0.001), personalized treatment plans from 40 to 85%, and patient satisfaction from 60 to 85%. The findings confirm that AI-driven training enhances healthcare professionals’ competence and improves patient care outcomes in oncology. Despite the observed benefits, challenges such as resistance to AI adoption (50%) and concerns about data privacy (30%) were identified. Addressing these barriers through continuous AI training, improved accessibility, and ethical guidelines will facilitate AI integration into oncology practice. This study underscores the transformative potential of AI education in healthcare and advocates for its systematic implementation to enhance oncology management globally.