The innovation capability of artificial intelligence (AI) enterprises serves as a significant driving force for the high-quality development of the AI industry. This paper takes 63 listed AI enterprises in China as research samples and constructs an analysis framework for the innovation performance of AI enterprises based on Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) theory. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to examine the innovation capabilities of listed AI enterprises in China. The research reveals that no single factor is necessary for high innovation performance among AI enterprises. Instead, there are four configurational pathways to improve AI enterprises innovation performance, which can be summarized into three types: technology-organization-environment-driven type, technology-organization-driven type, and technology-environment-driven type. Based on objective data, The conclusion of the study reveals the complex mechanism of multiple concurrent factors on the formation of high innovation performance of AI enterprises, provides theoretical support for enterprises to promote innovation and achieve high-quality development, and provides practical reference for the government to optimize policies to support AI enterprises.